Current Issue - March 2026, Volume 20, Issue No. 1

1. Barton TM, Gleeson R, Topliss C, Greenwood R, Harries WJ, Chesser TJ. A comparison of the long gamma nail with the sliding hip screw for the treatment of AO/OTA 31-A2 fractures of the proximal part of the femur: a prospective randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010; 92(4): 792-8. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.I.00508
2. Parker MJ, Handoll HH. Gamma and other cephalocondylic intramedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (3):CD000093. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000093.pub4
3. Anglen JO, Weinstein JN; American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Research Committee. Nail or plate fixation of intertrochanteric hip fractures: changing pattern of practice. A review of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Database. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008; 90(4): 700-7. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.G.00517
4. Rupprecht M, Grossterlinden L, Ruecker AH, de Oliveira AN, Sellenschloh K, Nüchtern J, et al. A comparative biomechanical analysis of fixation devices for unstable femoral neck fractures: the Intertan versus cannulated screws or a dynamic hip screw. J Trauma. 2011; 71(3): 625-34. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31820e86e6
5. Curtis MJ, Jinnah RH, Wilson V, Cunningham BW. Proximal femoral fractures: a biomechanical study to compare intramedullary and extramedullary fixation. Injury. 1994; 25(2): 99-104. doi: 10.1016/0020-1383(94)90111-2
6. Norris R, Bhattacharjee D, Parker MJ. Occurrence of secondary fracture around intramedullary nails used for trochanteric hip fractures: a systematic review of 13,568 patients. Injury. 2012; 43(6): 706-11. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2011.10.027
7. Erez O, Dougherty PJ. Early complications associated with cephalomedullary nail for intertrochanteric hip fractures. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012; 72(2): E101-5. doi: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31821c2ef2
8. Robinson CM, Adams CI, Craig M, Doward W, Clarke MC, Auld J. Implant-related fractures of the femur following hip fracture surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002; 84(7): 1116-22. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200207000-00004
9. Chang SM, Song DL, Ma Z, Tao YL, Chen WL, Zhang LZ, et al. Mismatch of the short straight cephalomedullary nail (PFNA-II) with the anterior bow of the Femur in an Asian population. J Orthop Trauma. 2014; 28(1):17-22. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000000022
10. Vaughn J, Cohen E, Vopat BG, Kane P, Abbood E, Born C. Complications of short versus long cephalomedullary nail for intertrochanteric femur fractures, minimum 1 year follow-up. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2015; 25(4): 665-70. doi: 10.1007/s00590-014-1557-2
11. Bjørgul K, Reikerås O. Outcome after treatment of complications of Gamma nailing: a prospective study of 554 trochanteric fractures. Acta Orthop. 2007; 78(2): 231-5. doi: 10.1080/17453670710013735
12. Sehat K, Baker RP, Pattison G, Price R, Harries WJ, Chesser TJ. The use of the long gamma nail in proximal femoral fractures. Injury. 2005; 36(11): 1350-4. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2005.03.003
13. Daner WE III, Owen JR, Wayne JS, Graves RB, Willis MC Jr. Biomechanical evaluation of the risk of secondary fracture around short versus long cephalomedullary nails. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2017; 27(8): 1103-8. doi: 10.1007/s00590-017-1989-6
14. Kleweno C, Morgan J, Redshaw J, Harris M, Rodriguez E, Zurakowski D, et al. Short versus long cephalomedullary nails for the treatment of intertrochanteric hip fractures in patients older than 65 years. J Orthop Trauma. 2014; 28(7): 391-7. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000000036
15. Hou Z, Bowen TR, Irgit KS, Matzko ME, Andreychik CM, Horwitz DS, et al. Treatment of pertrochanteric fractures (OTA 31-A1 and A2): long versus short cephalomedullary nailing. J Orthop Trauma. 2013; 27(6): 318-24. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e31826fc11f
16. Shannon SF, Yuan BJ, Cross WW 3rd, Barlow JD, Torchia ME, Holte PK, et al. Short Versus Long Cephalomedullary Nails for Pertrochanteric Hip Fractures: A Randomized Prospective Study. J Orthop Trauma. 2019; 33(10)480-6. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001553
17. Dunn J, Kusnezov N, Bader J, Waterman BR, Orr J, Belmont PJ. Long versus short cephalomedullary nail for trochanteric femur fractures (OTA 31-A1, A2 and A3): a systematic review. J Orthop Traumatol. 2016; 17(4): 361-7. doi: 10.1007/s10195-016-0405-z
18. Krigbaum H, Takemoto S, Kim HT, Kuo AC. Costs and Complications of Short Versus Long Cephalomedullary Nailing of OTA 31-A2 Proximal Femur Fractures in U.S. Veterans. J Orthop Trauma. 2016; 30(3): 125-9. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000000521
19. Meinberg EG, Agel J, Roberts CS, Karam MD, Kellam JF. Fracture and Dislocation Classification Compendium-2018. J Orthop Trauma. 2018; 32 Suppl 1: S1-S170. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001063
20. Hoffmann R, Haas NP. Femur: proximal. In: Ruedi TP, Murphy WM, eds. AO Principles of Fracture Management. Thieme; 2000: 441-55.
21. LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, Lewiecki EM, Saag KG, Singer AJ, et al. The clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2022; 33(10): 2049-102. doi: 10.1007/s00198-021-05900-y
22. Siddiqi N, Valdevit A, Chao EYS. Differences in femoral morphology among the Orientals and Caucasians: a comparative study using plain radiographs. Anat Sci Int. 2019; 94(1): 58-66. doi: 10.1007/s12565-018-0450-1
23. Thiesen DM, Ntalos D, Korthaus A, Petersik A, Frosch KH, Hartel MJ. A comparison between Asians and Caucasians in the dimensions of the femoral isthmus based on a 3D-CT analysis of 1189 adult femurs. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022; 48(3): 2379-86. doi: 10.1007/s00068-021-01740-x
24. Frisch NB, Nahm NJ, Khalil JG, Les CM, Guthrie ST, Charters MA. Short Versus Long Cephalomedullary Nails for Pertrochanteric Hip Fracture. Orthopedics. 2017; 40(2): 83-8. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20161116-01
25. Boone C, Carlberg KN, Koueiter DM, Baker KC, Sadowski J, Wiater PJ, et al. Short versus long intramedullary nails for treatment of intertrochanteric femur fractures (OTA 31-A1 and A2). J Orthop Trauma. 2014; 28(5): e96-e100. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3182a7131c

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